Iron pentacarbonyl is extremely toxic. It evaporates readily at room temperature, and its vapors act as both a neurotoxin and a hepatotoxin. Upon entering the body, it decomposes, releasing carbon monoxide (CO) and iron ions, causing hypoxia and organ damage. It is hazardous by inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. It is fatally toxic with prolonged inhalation of even low concentrations.
Lethal Dose:
The threshold toxic concentration is approximately 2 ppm (parts per million) over prolonged exposure.
The lethal concentration of vapors is approximately 25-30 ppm over 1 hour.
Time to Death:
From inhalation, symptoms develop within 30-120 minutes; death can occur within 6-24 hours due to pulmonary edema and hypoxia.
From ingestion, symptoms develop within 12-36 hours due to liver and central nervous system damage.
Death is unlikely upon skin contact, but possible with large amounts (within a few days).